The subject of the investigation is social and economic aspects of the threat of HIV/AIDS in the Russian Federation. The investigation was aimed at improving socio-economic monitoring of the HIV/AIDS threat. The methodology of systemic analysis and statistical methods were used. Three main sections of socio-economic monitoring of HIV/AIDS were defined with their problems, challenges and areas for improvement. Results of the study are applicable in justifying and shaping public policy to counter the threat of HIV/AIDS. Planned costs of measures to counter the threat of HIV/AIDS must be based on requirements, allocation and results achieved. Systemic approach to planning requires an analysis of interrelation between costs, requirements and results. The absence of a systemic approach to coordination of costs and requirements leads to inefficient use of resources.