The system of demographic indicators reflecting different spheres of social life is considered in the article. The strong correlation between life expectancy of the population and the level of social-economical development is illustrated in the article. The indexes of the priority of services (the indexes of preference ), with the help of which it is relatively easy to define the optimal investment directions in the system of health care, are worked out with the use of economic-mathematical modeling.

The paper deals with the problem of threat to socio-demographic safetiness in Russia and in Bashkortostan comprising a necessity to improve the demographic situation, namely, to raise population size, birth rate, life expectancy, to decrease mortality rate. It makes a comparative calculation of a single criterion of population demography – a vitality coefficient for Russian Federation and Bashkortostan.